Much of the credit for the resolution of the stagflation is given to two causes: renewed focus on increasing productivity and a three-year contraction of the money supply by the Federal Reserve Board under Paul Volcker. President Jimmy Carter had begun phasing out price controls on petroleum while he created the Department of Energy. The federal oil reserves were created to ease any future short term shocks. President Richard Nixon's wage and price controls were phased out. Political pressure favored stimulus resulting in an expansion of the money supply. Attacks on Keynesian economic orthodoxy as well as empirical economic models such as the Phillips Curve grew. Prior to the Reagan administration, the United States economy experienced a decade of high unemployment and persistently high inflation (known as stagflation). Inflation and crude oil price, 1969-1989 (pre-Reagan years highlighted in yellow) Critics point to the widening income gap, what they described as an atmosphere of greed, reduced economic mobility, and the national debt tripling in eight years which ultimately reversed the post-World War II trend of a shrinking national debt as percentage of GDP. Supporters point to the end of stagflation, stronger GDP growth, and an entrepreneurial revolution in the decades that followed. The results of Reaganomics are still debated. The pillars of Reagan's economic policy included increasing defense spending, balancing the federal budget and slowing the growth of government spending, reducing the federal income tax and capital gains tax, reducing government regulation, and tightening the money supply in order to reduce inflation. These policies are characterized as supply-side economics, trickle-down economics, or "voodoo economics" by opponents, while Reagan and his advocates preferred to call it free-market economics. President Ronald Reagan during the 1980s. Reaganomics ( / r eɪ ɡ ə ˈ n ɒ m ɪ k s/ a portmanteau of Reagan and economics attributed to Paul Harvey), or Reaganism, were the neoliberal economic policies promoted by U.S.
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